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Repose
Registered: Oct 2010
Posts: 222 |
Fast large multiplies
I've discovered some interesting optimizations for multiplying large numbers, if the multiply routine time depends on the bits of the mulitplier. Usually if there's a 1 bit in the multiplier, with a standard shift and add routine, there's a "bit" more time or that bit.
The method uses several ways of transforming the input to have less 1 bits. Normally, if every value appears equally, you average half 1 bits. In my case, that becomes the worst case, and there's about a quarter 1 bits. This can speed up any routine, even the one that happens to be in rom, by using pre- and post- processing of results. The improvement is about 20%.
Another speedup is optimizing the same multiplier applied to multiple multiplicands. This saves a little in processing the multiplier bits once. This can save another 15%.
Using the square table method will be faster but use a lot of data and a lot of code.
Would anyone be interested in this?
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Repose
Registered: Oct 2010
Posts: 222 |
Maybe I should use what I've learned to do 3d rotations and perspective transform? I think A Different Perspective 2017 3d Creators Update is in order :) (I'm one of the original authors).
So I had a plan for this fast multiply, it can lead to a fast division because of multiplying by the inverse of the divisor. I can also do squares and cubes faster than this.
Edit: was thinking multiply is only the beginning. I made it 16% faster than your routine but if I can make such gains throughout the transform stack it will add up.
Also for Andropolis, I was thinking to not use EOR fill but a straight store (in fact that's the insight I had on A Different Perspective), and also to calc frame differences and plot those only. |
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JackAsser
Registered: Jun 2002
Posts: 1989 |
Quote: Maybe I should use what I've learned to do 3d rotations and perspective transform? I think A Different Perspective 2017 3d Creators Update is in order :) (I'm one of the original authors).
So I had a plan for this fast multiply, it can lead to a fast division because of multiplying by the inverse of the divisor. I can also do squares and cubes faster than this.
Edit: was thinking multiply is only the beginning. I made it 16% faster than your routine but if I can make such gains throughout the transform stack it will add up.
Also for Andropolis, I was thinking to not use EOR fill but a straight store (in fact that's the insight I had on A Different Perspective), and also to calc frame differences and plot those only.
I've had similar ideas and I even did an frame difference experiment in Jave. Problem was that since diffs are small so will the triangles be. They'll be extreme, sharp and 'problematic'. Hard to render correctly and since they're diffs any render error will accumulate.
Regarding transforms I came to the conclusion to cut most of the stack and forget about how it works conventionally.
Regarding divs we all do mul by the reciprocal. For Andropolis I did what Graham did and calced the reciprocal by linear interpolation:
X is 8.8 call it a.b:
1/a.b ~= invtab[a]*(1-b) + invtab[a+1]*b
invtab[x] is 0.16 result of 65536/x for x 1..255 |
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Repose
Registered: Oct 2010
Posts: 222 |
You should write an article on how you did that, it sounds interesting. Obviously I'm a noob at this problem and would have a lot of research to do.
I wasn't thinking triangles exactly but just doom like hallways, wouldn't that work for differencing? |
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JackAsser
Registered: Jun 2002
Posts: 1989 |
Quote: You should write an article on how you did that, it sounds interesting. Obviously I'm a noob at this problem and would have a lot of research to do.
I wasn't thinking triangles exactly but just doom like hallways, wouldn't that work for differencing?
Hehe, I suck at writing articles! :)
Imagine the simpliest case: axis aligned rooms, no height differences and just rotate around Y, i.e. Wolfenstein.
The diff formed by the edge between the wall and the floor/ceiling will be an enlogated thin triangle. The diff might be 3-4 pixels high close to the camera, this is easy, but further down the corridor the height of the diff will be <1 but still pixels here and there must be pur. Surely an extended bresenham that "draws" both the top and the bottom line simultaneous could handle it, and calc the total height between the lines and still propagate individual errors. |
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Repose
Registered: Oct 2010
Posts: 222 |
Ok, I think that makes sense now.
Now 196
I managed to save another 7 cycles from the correct total of 203, bringing it down to 159+37=196. As a bonus, the two highest bytes are returned in registers.
If I put do_adds in zp, there's one more optimization to save 4 instead of 3, for 192. Finally, if you don't need the lowest bytes, you can save 3 cycles by deleting sta z1.
lda (p_sqr_hi),y
sbc (p_invsqr_hi),y
tay;x1*y1h;Y=z3, 30 cycles
do_adds:
;-add the first two numbers of column 1
clc
c1a: lda #0
c1b: adc #0
sta z1;9
;-continue to first two numbers of column 2
c2a: lda #0
c2b: adc #0
tax;X=z2, 6 cycles
bcc c1c;3/6 avg 4.5
iny;z3++
clc
;-add last number of column 1
c1c: lda #0
adc z1
sta z1;8
;-add last number of column 2
txa;A=z2
c2c: adc #0
tax;X=z2, 6
bcc fin;3/4 avg 3.5
iny;z3++
;Y=z3, X=z2
;9+6+4.5+8+6+3.5=37
fin: rts
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Oswald
Registered: Apr 2002
Posts: 5017 |
I did not follow closely, could you enlighten me why c1a/b/c is not added up in one go ? |
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ChristopherJam
Registered: Aug 2004
Posts: 1378 |
Damn, so you're now 8.5 cycles faster than me? I was not expecting partial products to be faster than the optimisations we've been working on for runs of adc. Going to have to study this more closely.
Canada holds the record, for now. Nice work! |
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JackAsser
Registered: Jun 2002
Posts: 1989 |
Quote: I did not follow closely, could you enlighten me why c1a/b/c is not added up in one go ?
Adding in one go would lose the carry information |
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Repose
Registered: Oct 2010
Posts: 222 |
To be fair, CJ can save 2 cycles by returning in regs like me, then they are just 6.5 or 10.5 cycles apart. Most of our instructions are the same, there's just a difference in overhead. But I can't seem to find any idea that's faster; this could be the actual optimal routine.
I tried all branches for the adds, that's a bit slower. I mean code like:
clc
lda c1a
adc c1b
bcs c1bc c1bc:
clc
adc c1c adc c1c
sta z1 sta z1
lda #1
lda c2a adc c2a
bcs c2ac;7 c2ac:
clc
adc c2b adc c2b adc c2b
And it did seem to work, but I get about 39.5 cycles.
I also looked into the crazy timer idea, but each correction is sbc timerA, which is already too slow for this small number of adds.
I have one idea that can be dramatically faster but it's not very practical.
;y0 in X, y1 in Y, x0-1, x1-1 init to $02, all ram swapped in
x0=$fc;fb-fc is pointer
x1=$fe;fd-fe is pointer
jmp (x0-1)
mult-k:
;multiply by constant multiplier k
;and multiplicands X, Y
;then add
rts
There's never any setups so that saves 34 cycles, many of the multipliers can be optimized, though not reducing the average much, important cases like 0,1, and powers of 2 could be faster.
You also need room for tables so it could only handle 7 bits at a time, unless you did each one in pure code.
Even with such an extreme approach, the worst case is probably close to a normal multiply.
What do you think, is this the end? |
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ChristopherJam
Registered: Aug 2004
Posts: 1378 |
Well, without memory restrictions you could do crazy stuff like have variants of the f() or g() tables offset by 1..N so you could move the carry correction into selecting which table to use... but I'm not sure how much that would gain you. |
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